Ethical theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical theories - Essay ExampleIn this regard, practitioners are not supposed to give up on a patient unless all the treatment fails. There arises a dilemma on what to do when the patient is not responding to treatment. The ethical dilemma arises on whether to terminate treatment or allow the patient to suffer under futile treatment. Relegating treatment may be a sign of condemning the patient to death while treatment might be painful and of no importance. Thus, the most appropriate decision should be made.Bioethics principles can be used to chart a way forward in case of a futile treatment dilemma. The principles include autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. The autonomy principle states that conscious patients have a choice to decide termination or continuity of futile treatment. The beneficence principle asserts that medical practitioners must do anything possible to alienate suffering from the patient. The non-maleficence principle explains that nurses should chec k all procedures to ensure that patients do not suffer from intentional errors and omissions. The justice principle asserts that patients have follow rights to benefit from treatment new or current. From the principles, the medical practitioners can choose a course of action depending on the

Psychology Assessments - Reliability and Validity Essay

Psychology Assessments - Reliability and Validity - Essay ExampleThere are some cases in which an estimate means can be reliable but not be valid. Suppose for instance a person used an assessment instrument. There are corresponding results in the assessment using the said instrument. However, the use of the assessment instrument cannot be entirely valid if the person using it is not an expert at understanding the results from the assessment. Thus, this is the said(prenominal) as the assessment instrument is not valid at all considering that it gives results but cannot be acceptable. The assessment instrument therefore has to be used by the right person in order for its result to be valid and in general, it can be reliable. In this case, the reliability and validity of the assessment instrument is associated with its user. Thus, a higher level of reliability cannot be given to the assessment instrument considering that the validity let go is in question. In the above illustration, the entire issue is not a two-way process between the reliability and validity issues within the assessment instrument. There has to be another external factor and in this case the level of reliability and validity of an assessment instrument may vary with respect to its user.

Cybercrime Continue to Rise Essay Example for Free

Cybercrime Continue to Rise EssayCybercrime is increasing at an appalling rate worldwide with more(prenominal) than a million peck becoming victims every single day, according to the Norton Cybercrime Report 2011. The victims of cybercrime in addition paid dearly with a total loss of US$388bil (RM1. 21bil) to cybercriminals in 2010. Effendy Ibrahim, director of consumer argumentation at Symantec Asia Pacific, said that cybercrimes dont only cost victims financially but emotionally too.On average, it takes 10 days for a victim to domesticize from a cybercrime and it can be emotional too considering the amount of data they lose, he said at the launch of Norton 2012, Symantecs latest cybersecurity solution. except, victims could have protected themselves money and regret as the type of cybercrimes they fell victim to were preventable. The wrap up found that the most common type of cybercrimes are malware, scams and threats targeted at mobile devices. However many people ten d to underestimate the dangers of online crime thinking that it will happen to everyone else but themselves.The survey found that seven out of 10 adults estimation they would more likely be a victim of physical crime rather than an online crime. This is a lingering attitude users have when they are offline and it gets replicated when they are online, Effendy said. The report also found that men, particularly those in the generation Y demographic, are most likely to become victims of cybercrimes. Men spend more time online and do more dangerous activities, Effendy said. The report stated that more men watch adult content, gamble and participate in online dating sites compared to women.All these are companionable engineering techniques and its quite easy to fall victims to such tactics, Effendy said. Local threat landscape Although Malaysia wasnt in the list of countries studied in the report, subject field cyberspace police Cybersecurity Malaysia said the findings are representati ve of the Malaysian threat landscape. It is the same environment, so whatever that is happening in the world will emphatically affect us the same way, said Cybersecurity Malaysia chief executive officer, Lt Col (Rtd) Prof Datuk Husin Jazri.He said the Malaysian cyberthreat landscape is no less alarming with over 10,000 cases reported every month up till August this year. Last year, Cybersecurity Malaysia received over 8,000 reports about cybercrime via its cyber999 hotline. Its Cyber Early Warning System has also detected over 5,000,000 security threats up until August. Given the increasing amount of cyberthreats, Husin said there is a need for more proactive measures to prevent more Internet users from becoming cybercrime victims and it will take more than reviewing or improving current cybersecurity laws. Amending laws take time and it is slower than the prevailing problem.We need to intensify raising and cognizance efforts to educate users on Internet risks, he said. Husin sai d Cybersecurity Malaysia is open to the idea of working with security solution providers like Symantec to come up with cybersecurity awareness programmes. Cybersecurity Malaysia already has a list of home-made security tools such as DontPhishMe, DNSwatch and MyPHPiPs that protects users from cybercriminals which can be downloaded for free. It is also working on establishing a Cyber Clinic which will offer an massive list of cybersecurity services to computer users. The clinic is expected to be ready before the end of the year.

William Faulkners Essay Example for Free

William Faulkners EssayWilliams Faulkners Barn Burning will confirm the prevalence of moralistic battle array oer any other fix, so that where difference of opinion exists between the true and business line, truth prevails. Although it could be invoked that blood is thicker than water , it is also counter argued that water is wider than blood . on that point is therefore no substitute for choosing what is right-hand(a) under all circumstances. Discussion of Barn Burning will illustrate in reality the truth of the proposition as it tries to persuade that there is in fact basis to believe and adhere to such proven universality of truth. One argu handst to actualise the thesis of this paper is the fact the moral duty occupies higher ground than duty to p bents. Doing what is right may result to disobeying parents as long the person employment the responsibility k straightaways what is right. Such is the case in point in the Faulkers Barn Burning which is a story of an ad olescent boy named Sartoris Snopes (or Sarty as hereafter called) who is make to appear in court, hoping he will non postulate to testify in the arson case against his contract (Mr. Snopes).Sarty knew that his stupefy Mr. Snopes was absolutely red-handed of arson solely whoever judge will handle the case now was not an easy thing for Sarty to handle and could still be considered by Sarty as his enemy since the very person to be convicted and was facing the risk of punishment is his very bugger off. Must not Sarty as a son still have to maintain several(prenominal) loyalty habituated the relationship being by blood? Has that point of testifying against wizards father pay off Sarty? Has he has not yet separated himself from his father? What mustiness he do? Answering these challenging questions require going deeper what really happened in the story.Before proceeding to some of details of the story, it is best to express for the mean epoch the argument for upholding the prev alence of moral duty over loyalty to ones father. It may thus be argued that that fulfillment of moral duty would lead in conclusion to indep supplantence of a person. Independence is the price for reservation difficult excerpts for which Sarty is also subject in the story. later laying the arguments to support the thesis there is still need to define some terms as used in the thesis for purpose of clarity.What are the separate meanings of duty to parents, moral duty and independence? Duty to parents is the obligation to obey parents with due all due consideration and respect by originator of the natural relationship. Moral duty is the capacity to take up what is right over what is damage under all circumstances. Independence as defined connotes freedom from obsession in making difficult choices and a declaration by a persons individual responsibility for his or her decision. After the definitions, the arguments may now be supported with important parts of the story.Since th e first argument is the fact the moral duty occupies higher ground than duty to parents, it may be asked What is right thing that must be done by Sarty and that may result to disobeying his parents? The obvious answer is the decision to tell the court the truth in making his testimony but such testimony could pin down his father, whom he knows to be immoralityy. An independent observer may readily see the internal remainder of loyalty to parents and passionateness of truth in the case of Sarty. t indeed it would be straightforward to say that Sarty whether he likes or must make a choice between right and wrong in the end. He cannot leave a decision hanging between the peace and dignity represented by the de Spains with the concentration and unhappiness of the Snopes family. But one may have to understand that it is more than that. Basing on the storys beginning, when Sarty was prepared to testify that his father was innocent of destroy down that barn, he would have done it beca use it is his job is to stick to his father.One may however see that at the end of the story, Sarty cautioned Major de Spain (the owner) about his fathers intention to burn down the latters stunning orchard. Sarty did this though with his knowledge that this will bring his (Snopes) family down once and for all, and that this could cause neer be able to go home again. This is a difficult decision to make for a boy. How in the world could he made the right one? To do this, Sarty must realize that he was not his father, and the path he wanted to travel in the world was not the same as his fathers.In making a choice, perhaps there is need to go back what led his father to commit arson as subject of ladder for which Sarty was being made to testify. The story would readily tell then the nature or predisposition of Sarty father to burn everything. Sarty Snopes family are wandering farmers, and then there is basis in the story to say that they move around even more often than is normal because of his fathers practice (that has reach a habit) of burning something down every time to express his anger.Perhaps with his personal evaluation, Sarty understood that there was something profoundly psychological wrong about his father, but it would seem that he disregarded his fathers danger. What a bad luck may the incident has meant for Sarty since upon their familys arrival at the beautiful plantation of Major de Spain, Sarty had the facial expression that the de Spains are safe but as event turned out in the story, Sarty did not know that his father could just as easily bring down a big plantation when his father gets angry.In support of the argument that fulfillment of moral duty would lead eventually to independence of a person, it may be stated that what is natural will come to pass. Moral duty which this paper defined as the capacity to choose what is right over what is wrong under all circumstances has its roots in the natural law and violating the same could have grave consequences like the feeling of guilty conscience. Fulfillment of the moral duty has its rewards too to the person as it could mean freedom from guilty conscience and freedom to make more moral decisions that could sustain long term happiness and independence.In may be asked Must loyalty bow at the altar moral duty? When must loyalty come to an end? It may be observed that an important part of the story is about loyalty but there is an inner conflict in which the character of the story must face that is his ability to be loyal to his blood origin. And so in Faulkners Barn Burning, Sarty worn out(p) the majority of the story under a great emotional confusion. What could really cause a young man to tell his father Father amuse stop as what you are doing is wrong. It was therefore the demand for loyalty to his father brought about by the relationship that has caused him mixed emotions as to what is the right or wrong in dealing with his fathers tendency to barn burnings. The re is basis to notice Sartys fathers paranoid thinking and smooth threats that may be giving Sarty the inner battle between whats morally right and family loyalty. In the story, there is that ever-present pull that was causing his guilt feelings. Hence, in one instance he was seen defending his fathers actions and this happened shortly after he was angry with his father for putting the family in such terrible conditions.As in every suffering that must come to an end, he had to be under the true test of loyalty which came at the end of the story when it became clear that his father will be burning the landlords barn down after the incident a certain incident indoors his knowledge. Sarty was angry but the guilt never stopped. If viewed in psychology, it may observed that anger and guilt could really happen together at the same time for Sarty and one would ask Which emotion has the greater chance of being expressed or realized into actions? First it must also be asked What would hav e made Sarty to feel guilty to the situation? It may argued that a short period of time did occur in story when Sarty is actually an partner in execration to his fathers actions which he may freely done although with hesitation by running to the to place he was ordered to go and getting the fossil crude to be used by his father in setting the fire. Sarty did show loyalty to his father by obedience. Indeed, loyalty could be blind if it closes its eyes to the truth. Indeed blood is thicker than water but water is wider than blood as oceans contain all the water but blood stays only in lively animals.Sarty, in his seek for true identity, must now make a choice and he must choose fulfillment of moral duty over his duty to parents. Thus throughout Faulkners story Sarty was seeking his true identity. There was confusion caused by his fathers actions that had push him to question who he was. His feeling was temporary while his moral duty to tell the truth of his fathers actions was un iversal. Although it was his duty to be loyal to his blood and hate the men who were enemies of his father hates, there was a higher standard of which he must also respond.Thus in the storey it could be deciphered that after Sarty was afflicted by his father for almost telling the Justice of the Peace the truth about the fire and he was found expressing his confusion. He needed therefore to search for what was his true identity to find the solution to that confusion, What may have caused confusion was the fact that he was being struck by his father without any explanation. He was most of the time treated as young man. Sarty may be presumed not to have taught maturity by his father.His having to obey his father to get the oil to be used for burning was an imposition into his mind. It could only be Sartys own way of developing where he could assert himself that he ought to become a mature person in order to have courage to face the consequences of his decision. As Sarty was a young m an he could have been experiencing and asking the needed question of identity and knowing but not knowing enough. His feeling of the pressure to be what his father wanted him to be, although in his heart he knew that his father was wrong was something that must be resolved.In weighing things, he tried to find justification about his fathers behavior in order to be what he vox populi he should be by telling himself that his father was once a soldier, who deserves respect and honor him and this attempt included laborious to convince himself that his father was done with his criminal behaviors. But an instance happened where the landlord demanded twenty bushels of corn as payment for damages that his father had ruined and the book how Sarty thought about the matter Maybe this is the end of it.Maybe even that twenty bushels that seems hard to have to pay for just a rug will be a cheap price for him to stop forever and always from being what he used to bemaybe he wont discover the t wenty bushels His nature as person may have afforded Sarty capacity to mature. Attaining maturity is a natural phenomenon in ones life as one grows with age. For Sarty, it may be argued that he did in fact survive his sisterhood and was able to look back on it sensibly.From being a child he felt his father could not help but be what he was but nature has its own way and by the time that due date came to Sarty, he was aware of the truth of his fathers criminal behavior and which Faulkner has written the element of fire spoke to some deep mainspring of his fathers being, as the element of steel or of powder spoke to other men, as the one weapon for the preservation of integrity, else breath were not worth the breathing, and hence to be regarded with respect and used with discretion .This knowledge of what is wrong is a natural feeling and the mind appreciates without really thinking is predispose to avoid a rule. Interviewing a friend about whether he exerts effort of knowing what is right, the response was It is ones nature to avoid the wrong. There is time for everything. Everything that has started must come to an end. The dilemma that Sarty was suffering must come to an end. Sarty has now to make a decision.He is to make a choice between what is right or wrong. The signification to decide to practice a Sarty maturity did came the night of the final barn burning when Sarty made the decision on a subliminal level to reprimand the landlord of his fathers actions. It was also at that same night that night his father got killed and Sarty realized that he was set free it was therefore decision that he has done the right thing. His running to the flaming barn, he felt he was running through his childhood.With his screams, he suddenly became calm and clear headed to signal his freedom. It may be concluded the life may be a series of trade offs or great exchanges of what is important to individual persons life. There are issue of values which may not be seen bu t felt and asserted by their universalities. Independence is one of this values and its pursuit requires a moral agent to do what is right under the circumstance. Independence has however a price to pay and may extend to individuals love ones.Such was the story beautifully portrayed by Burning Barn. Works Cited Faulkner, The Faulkner Reader Selections from the Works of William Faulkner, Random House, 1954 Flexner and Flexner, Wise Words and Wives Tales The Origins, Meanings and Time-Honored erudition of Proverbs and Folk Sayings Olde and New, Avon Books, New York, 1993 Hoffman, W. Blood is Thicker Than Water, Alien Perspective 2002 Personal interview with a friend conducted on what one feel about a given wrong in making a choice.

Marketing of Liability Products of Bank Essay Example for Free

Marketing of Liability Products of Bank EssayThere are number of Liabilty products, some of the obligation products are listed below * Savings Account * Fixed Deposit Account * Recurring Deposit * Current Account * NRI Account Etc. These products are the basic products of depone which are taking new dimensions in the banking world as the competition is tougher. The products which are mentioned above are the products of Retail Banking. Wholesale banking is another big incision of bank which deals with the SME and Corporate clients. WholeSale BankingThough Internet banking as a concept has not caught the fancy of a majority of customers as yet-even the small parcel that does use it, makes a difference to the overall cost. Almost all leading banks in India are hoping that just as ATMs saw a period of inactivity before they were accepted by Indian masses, Internet banking too would be adopted once customers are comfortable with the technology. For instance, in 1998 India had jus t 500 ATMs at present it has close to 7,500. Advertising Boards According to the case study which we thrust done in the Bhubaneswar city from Rabi Talkies to Janapath. The Advertising Boards are very rarely used , we represent only one Hoarding that belongs to Bank of Baroda in Bapuji Nagar and that too was removed after a week from our survey.The other advertisement which is given in the mint stand by HDFC in Lewis Road. Analysis Banks believe less on this strategy of advertisement. The Case study was done in a very short distance so this might or might not be the actual situation. Social Media Marketing Strategy * Bank Adverts on certain Websites * Social media in business allows anyone and everyone to express and share * Social networking sites act as word of mouth. (For example Facebook, Twitter, Google+ etc) * Professional Sites like Linkedin * retweet or repost-repeating the marrow * Sharing videos through Youtube They advertise the bank products through different finance related, business related etc websites.As we can see in the above privateness shots from different websites we could understand that Banks rely on Social Media Marketing too to advertise and publicize their products. Conclusion We have analysed different strategies of the bank from Marketing intermingle to Technology Based Marketing. From analysing in all aspects the only strategy which is helping and which will help the bank to be successful is Product Innovation. High interest group or discounts are not going to help the bank anymore because the customers are expecting the high quality service not the interest from the bank. People have become Quality conscious in the recent past so the new products and the service of that particular product in a appropriate management will help the banks to reach greater Heights.

The Effects Of Imperialism In Europe History Essay

The Effects Of Imperialism In Europe Hi business relationship EssayThe do of imperialism have been subject of debate. However it has been generally agreed that imperialism had more negative than confirmatory effects for the countries which the European imperialist lorded over. Major imperialism occurred in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Imperialism refers to a situation when a country takes admit of a smaller nation for policy-making social and economic reasons (Duignan and Gann, 69) emotional state of moroseness was one of the very first literally text to provide small view of European imperial activities. Conrad decision to set the book in the Belgian colony made it easier for the British readers, also imperialist, to avoid seeing themselves reflected in the book. The book does reinforce the fact that imperialism was an insult to the subjects as well as hypocriticalJust like much of modernist literature produced in the early old age of twentieth ce ntury, Conrads heart of darkness is much ab verboten confusion, alienation and intense doubt as it is on imperialism. However imperialism is the main theme, and with the help of symbolism brings this out perfectly. Darkness is essentially used to refer the continent of Africa in general and congou tea in particular, and it backwardness at the point in time, tour softly (p3), is used to refer to western civilization that they imperialist purported to bring to Africa. By late 1890s most of African continent metaphorically referred to as worlds dark places had been put under European control (Conrad, 6). Women occupy Traditional roles as arbiter of morality and domesticity (69). However they are knockoutly present in the story the concepts of home and civilization merely exist as insincere ideals, meaningless to men for whom survival is in constant doubt.Kurtz who goes into Africa with the idea of civilizing and improving the Africans ends up bust villages and letting himself be h eld in awe like a god(). Hence the idealistic benefits western civilization would have had on Africa were hypocritical. Conrad explores how the transformation takes place and in the process questions the role Europe played in the exploitation of Africa.Initially the European conveyed that their mission was to civilize the African whose culture they found appalling as well economic empowerment through drivement in trade. This was not to be, instead. Imperialist engaged in economic exploitation of African continent and overhauled the political and social structure of the African large number. It is clear that the imperialistic activities were detrimental to Africa. Conrad finds inefficiency and wastefulness at the Belgian company in Congo contrary to the initial claim of economic development that the Europeans had claimed they endeavored to bring into the African continent. He found out that they were interested economic exploitation of Africa by obtaining raw material for their ho me industries by force if need be.The company was the Belgian Rubber Company which king Leopard II of Belgian had formed for enabling exploitation of rubber in the Congo region. In 1884 the partitioning of African among the imperial power was completed at Berlin conference in 1884, which Conrad refers sarcastically in the heart of darkness as the internationalist Society for the suppression of Savage customs. Leopard declared Congo Free State his property in 1892, legally allowing Belgians to take whatever amount of rubber they wished without having to engage in trade with the locals. This resulted to tension between the locals and the Belgians and the fights which ensued left many Congolese dead, given their inferior weapons.The European was stretched thin trying to administer and protect great far-flung empires. For example Congo was under Belgian empire while East Africa and Anglophone west Africa was under British Empire. Cracks begun to appear in the imperialist dodging riot s, war as well as the abandonment of commercial enterprises in a wholesale fashion as a result of the indigenous people quest for self determination.The imperialist did not have any intention of developing Africa and furthering their economic interests by exploiting it. The claim that the imperialist improved theme is misplaced since they were not doing it for the interest of the African but to ease exploitation of the raw materials. The construction of Kenya Ugandan railways was meant to ease the transportation of raw materials from the east African region.Colonization was a major tool of imperialism. Its greatest misdeed was that it stripped African the responsibility in conducting their our own affairs and convinced them that their civilization was nil less than savagery as a result giving them complexes that led to their being branded as irresponsible and lacking self confidence. The negative effects of colonization and imperialism could not be expressed better that from the African themselves. They stated that they deplored the economic exploitation by the imperialist as it reduced Africa to abject poverty, in the midst of plenty. Moreover heir fundamental rights, freedom of speech, freedom of association, of movement, freedom of worship and freedom to live a full and abundant life were denied them imperialist overt activities.Imperialism led to landlessness. People were displaced from high yielding areas and the land was taken under European plantation and which they used forced labors from the Africans. African was consigned in settlers elimination where they lived in deplorable conditions as squatters. An African proverbs best portrays the effect imperialism had on the land issue by stating that when the white man came to Africa, the African had the land while the white had the bible. Soon after the Africa was left with the bible and the European took over the land (Duigan, 89).Colonial masters destroyed the harmonious existence of the African soci ety, by creation of tribes where they did not exist. They were aware that it was easier to exploit a divided group than a united one. Preferential treatment of one tribe over the separate created tribal tension that at times led conflict. The 1994 civil war in Rwanda was fought between Tutsis and Hutu tribes that had been created by the French. Tribal animosity is rampant to this day (Boahen, 750-782). polished wars in most of the aftrican countries are largely out of ethnic animosity and whose root causes can be found in Africas colonial legacy.On the domineering side of imperialism, it is noted that the western government introduced improved health care and better sanitation method, curbing premature death that resulted from lack of treatment from preventable diseases like malaria and measles. The colonial government introduced new crops, new tools and farming methods which increased food production. The changes meant reduced death to smaller colonies and overall improved state s of living.In conclusion, It is hard to decipher whether the disturbance from outside have been beneficial or detrimental given Conrads somewhat implicit portrayal of imperialism in his book. Proponents of imperialism say that the effects of imperialism were positive, but evidence shows that it led to the effects that were detrimental, than they were positive. Imperialism changed the world and made it a more difficult world to live in. The portrayal of African as backward and ignorant amounted to discrimination and racism. Imposition of eastern values was also tantamount to accepting superiority of European civilization. The effects are still felt to this day.Work citedJoseph Conrad. Heart of darkness. Courier Dover Publication, 1990Peter Duignan and L.H Gann. Colonialism in Africa, 1870-1960. CUP, Archive.A. Abu Boahen.Africa under colonial domination 1880-1935. University of California Press, 1985.

Tackling Problem Behaviour in Classrooms | Case Study

Tackling Problem Behaviour in Class retinue Case StudySingle Subject shapeAbstractThe following addresses the case study level C, case 2. It concludes on how to tackle problem port faced by teachers in ho routine rooms through with(predicate) whiz subject research designs and offers a few solutions on how to counter act them.Dependent VariableThe strung-out variables (DV) in this case be 2 specific manners demonstrated by Rachel, which are non raising her relegate before answering a interrogative moodUnnecessarily communicating with her peers during class lectureIndependent VariableThe independent variable (IV) provide be the response of the teachers to Rachels problematic look, that is how they reprimand her and the corrective measures they take to correct her behavior in class so that she learns to follow the class room norms and maintain assure and abides by the rules similar to her peers.Behavior Which Needs To Be ChangedRachel demonstrates two sets of behavior rel ated to disturbing classroom discipline which she needs to rectify in order to maintain the decorum of the class room. originly, Rachel needs to learn to raise her hand before answering questions asked by her teachers during comprehension and reading activities like everyone else instead of just blurting out answers without be c solelyed upon or waiting her turn. Secondly, she must learn non to pass observes to her friends or talk to her peers during class unnecessarily and pay attention to the lecture and focus on what is being taught.Single Subject Research Designs (SSRD)In SSRD, basically, the participant is passed through a non-treatment ( baseline) and a treatment (experimental condition) phase and his performance is identified during each phase. Since Rachel is the only one in her class demonstrating problem behavior, she ordain be the only test subject and will act as her own control group. In this type of design a non-treatment stage is low gear initiated till the per formance in question validates steadiness. When the behavior becomes steady, the treatment stage is started. Since Rachels obtrusive behavior is already very consistent we screw front on to the next phase in our research design.Based on the data collected through direct observation of Rachels behavior, in Mr. smith and Mrs. Patels biology class during reading and comprehension activities, and the personal insight of the observer a treatment plan for Rachel will be developed as a corrective measure for her behavior. The behavior in demand, the dependent variable in the experiment, that is, Rachel not raising her hand before answering a question and passing notes to her friends in class and talking to her peers will be measured through appropriate data collection methods. In this scenario event recording (frequency of the bell ringer behavior is noted with each one having a specific beginning and end) and interval recording (observation of an individual during specified observatio n peaks divided into equal sequence intervals) will be to the highest degree appropriate. The observer has to be discrete while collecting data so that the subject remains unaware that he/she is being observed as this might cause them to become cautious and change their pattern of behavior causing distortion in the data collected principal to incorrect results. It is always wiser to assess a group of students than a private individual as to ward off suspicion. (Sachse-Lee)The event recording chart shows on which specific occasions Rachel has spoken out of turn in class and on which ones she waited to be cal conduct on. A written record provides an actual proof of her behavior and provides a justification for taking corrective measures against her actions. The interval recording chart shows how many times the problem behavior has occurred over a specific period of time. If the frequency of occurrence of problem behavior is great than what otherwise might be considered normal, i t calls for corrective measures to be taken to correct the situation, which is the case for Rachel.The results of a single subject experiment are classically understood by mentioning to the behavioral chart in which the data is shown graphically. For example, the number of lectures jackpot be plotted on the x-axis and the number of times hand raised before answering a question tidy sum be plotted on the y-axis. The effectiveness of IV idler be measured by the direction of the behavior before and subsequently the experimental condition was implemented. Statistics are not usually used to understand the outcomes of single subject experiments but if the slope of curve moves upwards and becomes steeper it reputes that Rachel raised her hand before answering a question a greater number of times after the implementation of experimental conditions than she did under the baseline conditions. A distinct slope is stronger indication that the behavior is varying than if the slope is a gent le one. (Strain)ABA Change FormatAn ABA design is such type of single subject research design in which contributors are first presented to a baseline differentiate (A). In the baseline state, no treatment or experimental variable is presented. After this the participants obtain the experimental state or treatment (B), after which they arrive to the baseline condition (A). The ABA design enables the experimenters to detect behavior before treatment, throughout treatment and after the treatment.To establish a course of action or experimental conditions to rectify Rachels behavior is important to first establish goals, that is, what is hopped to be accomplished after the experiment or what winsome of short frontier and long term behavioral changes are expected to be demonstrated by Rachel.Short termRachel raises her hand to answer and awaits her turn to speak in class.Rachel stops talking to her peers unnecessarily during lectures or pass notes to her friends.Rachel concentrates mor e on what is being taught and improves her grades.Long termRachel discontinues all problem behavior and learns to follow the discipline and norms of any institute that she may attend after graduating and develops a sense of responsibility and maturity.Teachers are faced with challenges even before they begin to educate students. Not only are teachers responsible for teaching the core academic subjects such as reading, math, science, and social studies, but teachers are also presented with nonacademic challenges that influence their instruction (Lassen, Steele, Sailor, 2006).First of all, in the face of discretion Rachel cannot be make to feel the center of attention or that steps to rectify her behavior are being taken. As this can cause her to rebel and worsen the condition by making her behavior more extreme. Secondly, sending Rachel to the office every time she demonstrates any kind of problem behavior must be terminated. It only makes her feel like she is being bullied or unfai rly targets. Under two these scenarios Rachels behavior cannot be improved or rectified. A more group focused approach is required for positive results.The entire class should be told what kind of behavior constitutes as acceptable or unacceptable in class with a set of rules mandatory for all to follow under the pretense that problem behavior will lead to ban marking which will affect their grades.Another approach can be to reinforce positive behavior instead of punishing negative behavior. Students who behave in a desirable or exemplary manner in class can be rewarded via a small token of appreciation, which be wither verbal appreciation, a piece of candy or deciding which chapter to be quizzed on. The teachers can be as creative as they like.BibliographySachse-Lee, C. (n.d.). A Meta-Analysis of Single-Subject. Retrieved work on Sunday, 2014, from http//ldx.sagepub.com/content/33/2/114.shortStrain, S. L. (n.d.). Evidence-Based Practice in Early Intervention/Early Childhood Spec ial Education Single-Subject Design Research. Retrieved March Sunday, 2014, from http//jei.sagepub.com/content/25/2/151.shortHow Can a Midwife Support the Family?How Can a Midwife Support the Family?Title Describe the positive and negative aspects of being in the NUCLEAR FAMILY. How can the midwife support the NUCLEAR FAMILY.Undergraduate Degree Level Essay2,500 wordsEssayThe family social unit is an entity which is desexualized by environs and culture as much as behaviour. Different civilisations and cultures will define the family in different ways. Economic considerations are often paramount in the passageway from an extended family to the atomic family and social commentators often refer to the difficulties in establishing a new household base (in body politics of high rent or commercial shoes value) as being one of the major(ip) obstacles to the emergence of the nuclear family as the common features of society.To quote Margaret MeadNobody has ever before asked the nucle ar family to live all by itself in a box the way we do. With no relatives, no support, weve put it in an impossible situation. It is not surprising perhaps that members of the nuclear family can look themselves in emotional and practical turmoil. (Mead M 1972)Cultural factors may also be significant such as the Hindu joint family where a marriage will being two family groups together as one family unit. (Bengtson V L 2001)The first task in this essay is to describe and define the nuclear family. It first appeared in the scientific literature just after the war and was used to describe the family structure of a mother, father and their children. A orb definition could beThe nuclear family is a social group characterised by common residence, economic cooperation and reproduction. It contains adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults.(Murdock, G P 1949).In m odern social literature it is also sometimes used in the context of stable single parent families or families where the parents are a non-conjugal couple. In this essay we shall consider the nuclear family to be in the original Murdock tradition.In the context of the implications for midwifery, we should also consider the implications of a being nuclear family. The literature often describes its positive features as including being a haven which encourages intimacy, love and trust where individuals may escape the competition of dehumanising forces in modern society a place for escape from the rough and swirl industrialised world, and as a place where warmth, tenderness and understanding can be expected from a loving mother and protection from the world can be expected from the father. (Popenoe D 1997)The family life was famously pilloried by Nancy Mitford in her autobiographyThe great advantage of living in a large family is that advance(prenominal) lesson of lifes essential unfai rness. (Acton H 1999)Although this was clearly intended as a flippant comment, one can suggest that the concept of the family as a haven is hushed both admitted and encouraged by social scientists, but in modern UK society the mechanisms of social protection and support that are currently available to most somewhat reduces the economic consumption of the father as protector and some commentators now add the concept of facilitating the ideal of personal fulfilment (or family fulfilment) as being the major role of the family unitThe media would have us believe that society is decaying (The Guardian 2004)and cite the suggestion that the move towards self sufficiency, personal gratification and the move off from the extended family unit is evidence of that degeneration. The transfer of responsibility for the elderly from the family to the state and, to a lesser extent, the responsibility for childcare being assumed by the state is often put forward as further evidence of that decline .Such considerations are of peripheral importance to this essay and therefore will not be discussed further.We can examine the factors which are relevant to the change in prevalence of the nuclear family however, and these are often cited asIncrease in sole occupation d tumefyings and smaller family sizesAverage age of marriage being olderAverage number of children decreasing and first birth at later ageThe historic pattern of fertility. From baby boom to baby bust (instability)The ageing population. The trend towards greater life expectancy.Rising divorce rates and people who will neer marry.(after Kidd K E et al. 2000)Clearly many of these factors have a resonance in the field of midwifery and we shall discuss them further. We should note however, that despite comments being made somewhat the move away from the nuclear family structure that in the UK it is still the most prevalent stable family structure accounting for in excess of 70% of all households.If we consider briefly h ow the nuclear family developed, we can look back to the days of the industrial revolution when social scientists point to the move from the extended family unit to a mobility dictated by the absence of a welfare state and family members moving to live with others who were in employment. Such changes were seen as an influence to extend and deepen the family unit as a whole. As the welfare state evolved, the economic pressures referred to above became less of a compelling factor and the nuclear family emerged. Some commentators use the term dispersed extended family due to the fact that a nuclear family is now able to keep in functional contact with other family members through the medium of telephone, fast easy travel and now email(Shaw M et al. 2002) Other factors that have changed and that are relevant to our considerations here are the relationships between parents and their children. In the past it was comparatively common to find that parents had children for economic reasons and were typically very authoritarian. The advent of social prosperity and the social support mechanisms available to UK households now mean that the economic necessity for having children is no longer viable. Parent / child relationships are said to be more loving and warmer and children are typically allowed a longer period of childhood in modern day life. There is also a considerable body of evidence to show that children are dependent on their parents for much longer than they used to be.(Wilkinson R et al. 1998)We should not suggest that this comparatively rosy assessment of the nuclear family is the only consequence of social evolution. We can point to evidence that the traditional order of life events marriage, sex and children is becoming increasingly reordered. Marriage is progressively less likely to come first and progressively more likely not to happen at all. In the last three decades the levels of cohabitation has trebled and the number of babies born outside marriag e has increased fivefold. In the homogeneous period the number of single parent families has increased by a factor of three. Other significant statistics are that over the last 30 years the divorce rate has doubled which currently has the effect of finding that 50% of children under the age of 16 have had to live through their parents divorce.The midwife is often central to the portal of support systems to the newly pregnant mother and thereby to the family. The possibilities of interaction between the midwife and the family are virtually never-failing and the opportunities for support and guidance at a vulnerable time in life are legion. (Pennebaker J W et al. 2002). We shall therefore use a few examples by way of illustration.One of the prime reasons cited for relationship breakdown is depressive disorder in one or both partners. This is a well recognised sequel of childbirth and the midwife can clearly play a major role in spotting the early signs, enlisting prompt interventi on and pass support to the whole family unit in such circumstances. (Davidson L 2000)One recent penning examined the role of the midwife in actually preventing (or minimising) the onset and hardness of post natal depression with the simple expedient of holding debriefing sessions. (Small R et al. 2000). The aim was to allow the mother to verbalise her experiences and to gain support and empathy from the midwife. The paper was both long and involved but, in essence, it examined the practice of debriefing, which has been successfully employed in other fields of healthcare as a means of trim down the burden of psychological morbidity, in its application to the field of midwifery. The authors point to the fact that there has only been one other qualitative trial in this area in the field of reproductive medicine and that was after spontaneous abortion when it was found to have a marked beneficial effect. (Bland J M et al. 2000)This token paper emphasises the role that the midwife c an play in providing support. The significance is that the debriefing process, as such, does not measurably reduce the incidence of enate depression but that the support that was provided was found to reduce the psychological distress felt by the mothers. The downside of such an intervention is that it can be seen as causing self-examination and medicalising of the patients symptomatology. Empathetic handling and a sympathetic approach would clearly be part of the midwifes clinical acumen (Lavender T et al. 1998) and nearly all of the women who underwent the debriefing sessions said that they found then helpful.In terms of nonplusing and fostering the loving relationships that were commented on earlier, one could postulate that the role of the midwife in the promotion of breast provide activities is fundamentally important. The literature does not show any good evidence base for this hypothesis, mainly because of the fact that it would be both hard to quantify and measure, but th e trial from Graffy (J et al. 2004) does support the fact that positive help and advice from healthcare professionals in the immediate postnatal period helps to promote maternal bonding which, in turn is associated with and increase in bonding in later life (Hamlyn B et al. 2000).Curiously enough the trial did not find that the intervention significantly increased the rate of breast feeding, which may be a reflection of the fact that the modern mother in the UK is bombarded with promotional messages about breast feeding from many different sources and the intervention of the midwife is not fundamentally critical to achieving this goal. The mothers interviewed afterwards who were successful in their attempts at breast feeding commented on the fact that they felt emotionally satisfied with a greater frequency than those who were not able to do so.From the point of view of our considerations here we should note that there were a significant number of women (26% in this trial) who posit ively refused any help or support from any of the healthcare professionals, and this group may well benefit from careful handling and empathetic intervention in the pregnancy when the midwife is the main healthcare professional in contact with the expectant mother.The midwife has a number of constraints upon her professional involvement and, generally by virtue of time constraints she has little time to act as a councillor to the familys problems. We should therefore consider the effect of the modern concept of the seamless interface of care and multidisciplinary team working. (Kvamme O J et al. 2001). If the midwife is working in the hospital setting and becomes aware of family difficulties she should consider it part of her professional remit to pass on her concerns and knowledge to other appropriate professionals in the healthcare team whether that is at the level of the primary feather healthcare team or to a specific councillor or other related agency. Clearly this is easier if the midwife is already working in the community setting (Haggerty J L et al. 2003) as both continuity and coordination are more easily controlledThe thrust of this essay is to suggest that a role of the midwife is to support the newborn child as it begins its presumptive relationship with its new family and this can sometimes best be achieved by funding the family unit during and after the birth of the child. In this regard we could finish this examination of the nuclear family with a comment from Pearl S. Buck who criticized the current system on part of emotional security aspects. He said The lack of emotional security of our young people is due, I believe, to their isolation from the larger family unit. No two people no mere father and mother as I have often said, are enough to provide emotional security for a child. He needs to feel himself one in a world of kinfolk, persons of variety in age and temperament, and yet allied to himself by an indissoluble bond which he can not break if he could, for nature has welded him into it before he was born. (ODQ 2004)References Acton H 1999Nancy Mitford A Biography (Paperback) Macmillan capital of the United Kingdom 1999Bengtson V L 2001Journal of Marriage and Family Feb 2001 63 , 1Bland J M , J. Lumley, and R. 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